Broadcast Systems

Cable

Cable television is a system of distributing television programs to subscribers via radio frequency (RF) signals transmitted through coaxial cables or light pulses through fiber-optic cables. This contrasts with traditional broadcast television (terrestrial television) in which the television signal is transmitted over the air by radio waves and received by a television antenna attached to the television. FM radio programming, high-speed Internet, telephone service, and similar non-television services may also be provided through these cables.

Satellite
Satellite television is television programming delivered by the means of communications satellite and received by an outdoor antenna, usually a parabolic reflector generally referred to as a satellite dish, and as far as household usage is concerned, a satellite receiver either in the form of an external set-top box or a satellite tuner module built into a TV set. Satellite TV tuners are also available as a card or a USB peripheral to be attached to a personal computer. In many areas of the world satellite television provides a wide range of channels and services, often to areas that are not serviced by terrestrial or cable providers.

Freeview

Freeview is the only prevailing free-to-air UK digital terrestrial television service. It is delivered by the company DTV Services Ltd, a joint venture between the BBC, ITV, Channel 4, Sky and transmitter operator Arqiva. It was launched in 2002, when the company was known as DWSCO 2284 Ltd. The service provides consumer access via an aerial to the six DTT multiplexes covering the United Kingdom. In August 2013 it had some 60 DVB-T TV channels, 26 digital radio channels, 4 HD channels, 6 text services, 11 streamed channels, and 1 interactive channel. Some ten additional feeds, whereof five more HD feeds, are expected for the first half of 2014, and up to 10 new HD channels are planned to be launched later in 2014, from a new group of multiplexes awarded to Arqiva.

Internet

Internet television (or online television) is the digital distribution of television content via the Internet. Internet television is a general term that covers the delivery of television shows and other video content over the Internet by video streaming technology, typically by major traditional television broadcasters. It does not describe a technology used to deliver content. Web television is a similar term often used to characterize short programs or videos created by a wide variety of companies and individuals, or Internet Protocol television (IPTV) - an emerging Internet technology standard for use by television broadcasters. Some Internet television is known as catch-up TV.

White Balance and Colour Temprature

Colour Temperature 

An aspect that is used as a method of measuring and describing colours given off by certain lights and situations. Colour temperature is measured in kelvin which determines what colour the picture will be. When the kelvin is lower the picture looks warmer because of the natural light that comes from the sun. When the sun is rising or setting it looks more orange and warmer but the temperature is actually colder.  but when the moon is out the light from the sun reflects of it which creates the darker and colder look. To make the image look warmer or colder then you can out gel filters on to the lights to make










White Balance

White balance is important because it can prevent unrealistic lighting that will make the image or video look bad. It also reproduces an image similar to the human eye. Changing the white balance can either be done manually or automatically but it depends on what the camera is set at. 

This can change the whole shot because it can determine the mood of the characters and the scene due to the colour of objects on screen. This can also change the audiences thoughts on the shot because of how it looks to the audience. For example if the room looks lighter and a bit blue then that could create a bit of mystery but if the white balance is set to a different setting then it could create a warm look to the room which can bring joy to the scene.

Angles

BLOG AND STUFF



Low angle 

These increase height (useful for short actors like Tom Cruise or James McAvoy) and give a sense of speeded motion. Low angles help give a sense of confusion to a viewer, of powerlessness within the action of a scene. The background of a low angle shot will tend to be just sky or ceiling, the lack of detail about the setting adding to the disorientation of the viewer. The added height of the object may make it inspire fear and insecurity in the viewer, who is psychologically dominated by the figure on the screen.





High angle

Not so extreme as a bird's eye view. The camera is elevated above the action using a crane to give a general overview. High angles make the object photographed seem smaller, and less significant (or scary). The object or character often gets swallowed up by their setting - they become part of a wider picture.

reverse POV



A point of view shot (also known as POV shot or a subjective camera) is a short film scene that shows what a character (the subject) is looking at (represented through the camera). It is usually established by being positioned between a shot of a character looking at something, and a shot showing the character's reaction (see  shot reverse shot ). The technique of POV is one of the foundations of film editing.








Pov

Both of these shots are POV shots that help show someones perspective, sometimes making scenes more tense as unlike other shots you can't see any of their surroundings. These are often used to show that someone is being watched or spied on. Sometimes a POV shot is done over the shoulder who remains visible on the screen, when a shot is taken over the shoulder a pull focus is used to make a certain subject seem more dramatic.

Eye Level

A fairly neutral shot; the camera is positioned as though it is a human actually observing a scene, so that eg actors' heads are on a level with the focus. The camera will be placed approximately five to six feet from the ground.





Birds eye view shot 

This shows a scene from directly overhead, a very unnatural and strange angle. Familiar objects viewed from this angle might seem totally unrecognisable at first (umbrellas in a crowd, dancers' legs). This shot does, however, put the audience in a godlike position, looking down on the action. People can be made to look insignificant, ant-like, part of a wider scheme of things. Hitchcock (and his admirers, like Brian de Palma) is fond of this style of shot.



Off Centre

The Dutch angle, also known as Dutch tilt, canted angle, oblique angle or German angle, is a type of camera shot where the camera is tilted off to one side so that the shot is composed with vertical lines at an angle to the side of the frame. In cinematography, the Dutch angle is one of many cinematic techniques often used to portray psychological uneasiness or tension in the subject being filmed. Many Dutch angles are static shots, but in a moving Dutch angle shot the camera can pivot, pan or track along the established diagonal axis for the shot. A Dutch angle differs from a high-angle shot and low-angle shot in that those refer to placement of the camera in height relative to the subject, which for human subjects is mostly defined by a person's eye-line. A special type of Dutch angle is the Bavarian angle, where the angle is changed by 90° from the common angle where horizontal lines become vertical.

Worms eye view

In cinematography a worm's-eye view is also useful in movie making. It is useful because it can be used as one of the camera shots/views. It is used in filming to look up to something to make an object look tall, strong and mighty.








Upside down 

This angle is used to give the viewer a disorientated feeling towards the scene also the point of view shot is used to make the viewer feel like they are there with the joker.







Centre

the centre angle is a fairly neutral angle to give the viewer a balanced shot and you can add on extra effects such as zoom effects ect. But they are mainly used in conversation shots as they are more static.









Side ways Shot

The shot is another used to disorientate the audience makes the scene more chaotic and distressed and in peril e.g. in gravity the use of side angle and upside down angle adds to the free flowing effect to the shot.

Cables

Composite Video
(analogue)
Analogue transmission can carry standard definition and is used for formats such as NTSC, PAL and SECAM. It also only carries 1 signal, unlike S-Video or Component. They are used for appliances like VHS and old games consoles.

DVI Cable
(digital)
DVI is a digital cable, meaning no loss in quality. It is also often found on HDTVs and Video cards. There are three main types of DVI cables; (DVI-I, DVI-A and DVI-I.) The cable comes in single and dual link and has a resolution of up to 3840x2400 but there is no audio.

HDMI
(digital)
HDMI is used on many different devices ranging from computers, cameras, monitors, and blu-ray players. HDMI is a single cable that carries video and audio signals digitally, meaning no loss of signal.
Version 1.0 allowed for 1920x1080p
Version 1.4 supports ethernet, 3D and 3840x2160p at 30fps
Version 2.0 supports 3840x2160 at 60fps

S-Video
(analogue)
Analogue cable carrying standard definition (480i and 576i.) Separates black and white colour signals, achieving a better image than composite, but lower resolution than component video. Each pin has its own ground pin (fifth, bottom pin is for holding purposes.)





Component Video
(analogue)
RGB distributes the colour signal three ways (red, green, blue.) It allows for full HD resolution, however due to the nature of digital TV's, extra conversion must take place therefore creating artifacts (edge clarity.) Not all HD sources support progressive output, so it may be limited to 1080i.

VGA
(analogue)

A VGA cable is typically used for computer monitors and connects to video cards, HDTVs. Laptops, Netbooks and an array of other equipment. A VGA cable uses the same RGB method as a component cable and also allows higher resolutions ranging from 640x400 all the way up to 2048x1536. The higher resolution cables normally require coaxial wiring or insulation to create the higer quality image. Even though it can have a higher resolution the VGA cable does not carry audio

.

RCA Connector
(analogue)

An RCA cable is used to carry audio and video signals and it is primarily used for stereo equipment, often consumer grade. It is still used by many devices before and after the digital switchover (VHS,DVD players and TVs) The RCA cable can lose quality over the distance and is also susceptible to hum and noise.

1/4 and 1/8 Jack (3.5mm)
(phone connector - analogue)

The 3.5mm is found on phones, DSLRs and other mp3 enabled devices and is intended for short runs whilst a 1/4 jack is used for stereo equipment, guitar and bass leads. 

XLR Connector
(digital)

This is the most common cable that is used for microphones. It has 3 pins, similar to the blanced connection on a 3.5mm or a 1/4 jack. The female end is usually the source and the male is the input. Also because of the design a microphone cable will not disconnect on its own accord.

An Idiots Guide

An Idiot's Guide to Final Cut Pro

Folders

First you have to make a folder so you know where your work is saved. Any additional work should also be put in this video. To create a folder that you can easily find, you should put the folder on the desktop so it s always visible when you close everything. When creating a folder you should name it something related to the project so you know what you are looking for.

After making the folder you can just drag and drop the files into the folder. These files can now be accessed whenever you are logged on tot he mac. 

Scratch Disks

Setting scratch disks on Final Cut Pro is an important part of the editing process. A scratch disk determines where any footage captured will be stored, including rendered files, waveform, cache and autosaves. 

Project and Sequences

In one project there can be many different sequences. These sequences are the parts of the project you are editing. Sequences relate to the timline you are working from, this is useful when creating rushes to preview footage and recieve feedback. 


Exporting

Exporting footage means that the project will become one whole clip that is binded together and cannot be changed. In Final Cut Pro, clips are normally exported as quick time movies but you can decide which format they are exported in if the client wants it for mobile viewing, web use, DVD or even uncompressed for a high quality video. To chose the different formats the video must be exported using Quick Time Conversion. This allows you to chose the file format, the resolution it is exported in and the quality of the finished product.


Log and Transfer

Log and transfer is used when importing footage because it may need a format change before it is used. When using a Panasonic camera, the recorded footage is in a different format and compressed after recording by using the log and transfer it changes this format to a .MOV file which is used when editing and can also be used on any computer. The DSLR cameras record in .MOV but the log and transfer is still used. 

Basic Editing

The razor blade tool is used to cut the different clips to make moving them about easier and also to cut off and delete unwanted parts. When cutting parts of a clip it allows the editor can move that piece of clip around the timeline or delete it, it also allows the editor to add separate effects or transitions to that part of clip. 

This is how to cross fade to a different clip. This is a basic transition because it is very simple to use but can be very effective. When using a cross fade while one clip is selected it is added to either end of the clip (beginning and end).